Spiritual gifts

The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit in the Diversity of Gifts

1 Corinthians 12:4–6; 12:7–11

The same Spirit gives the gifts; the same Lord is served through ministries; the same God works in everyone.

In 1 Corinthians 12:4–6, Paul presents the activity of the Holy Spirit, the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son, and God, the Father: gifts, services and workings are diverse, yet they share one divine source and a common purpose. The Spirit distributes gifts according to His will (v. 11); the different ministries serve the same Lord; the Father works in everyone. Their shared activity grounds the Church’s unity amid diversity. Every gift is received by grace and is to be exercised for the common good (v. 7).

Edification and Humility: Gifts without Boasting or Superiority

Ephesians 4:11–13; 4:16; 1 Peter 4:10; 1 Corinthians 4:7; 3:1–3; 13:1–3

"As each one has received a gift, minister it to one another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God... for the equipping of the saints for the work of ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ."

No gift is a reason for boasting or makes its recipient spiritually superior to others. Everything has been received by grace; in 1 Corinthians 4:7, Paul therefore asks how anyone can boast as though they had not received it. Possessing or exercising a gift does not, by itself, demonstrate spiritual maturity: Paul discusses gifts among the Corinthians while also rebuking their immaturity, jealousy and divisions (1 Corinthians 3:1–3). In 1 Corinthians 13:1–3, he shows that even impressive gifts accomplish nothing without love. A gift is a responsibility to serve. As members of one body, we need one another and are called to build up the Church with humility and love.

One Body: The Value of Less Visible Members

1 Corinthians 12:14–26

The members that seem weaker are indispensable; God gives special care and honour to those who receive less honour.

Paul compares the community to a body: the foot and ear belong despite their differences; the eye and head cannot dispense with the other members. God gives honour and care to those who seem weaker so that there is no division. All share suffering and joy (1 Corinthians 12:14–27). The text teaches interdependence without measuring each person’s worth by the visibility of their service.

The Most Excellent Way: The Absolute Supremacy of Love

1 Corinthians 12:31; 13:1–3, 13

"Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I have become sounding brass or a clanging cymbal. And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries... and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, but have not love, I am nothing."

Paul places 1 Corinthians 13 at the very heartbeat of the discourse on spiritual gifts. The exercise of any ministerial endowment, however spectacular before human eyes, becomes void, noisy, and destructive if its driving engine is not sacrificial agape love seeking the eternal good of others.

The Governing Principle: Order, Discernment, and Decency

1 Corinthians 14:26, 32–33, 40

"Let all things be done for edification... And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets. For God is not the author of confusion but of peace... Let all things be done decently and in order."

In 1 Corinthians 14:26–40, Paul directs participation toward edification: tongues with interpretation, prophecy weighed, taking turns and silence when needed. Verse 37 connects spiritual life with recognizing the apostolic command. Peace in the gathering enables everyone to learn and be encouraged.

Dreams and Visions in God’s Communication

Numbers 12:6; Acts 2:17–18; 16:9–10; 1 Corinthians 12:7–11; 14:29

Means, content, and purpose: receiving, understanding, and communicating a message.

Scripture presents dreams and visions among the ways God communicates with people. The means through which a message is received is distinct from its content and purpose. A vision may bring guidance, make a situation known, or convey a message to be shared. When relating these accounts to spiritual gifts, we consider the whole experience: what is communicated, how it is understood, and how it serves God’s work and the building up of people. In Acts 16:9–10, Paul sees the vision of the Macedonian man; afterward, the group concludes that God is calling them to proclaim the gospel there. Receiving, understanding, and communicating are distinct aspects of the experience, accompanied by discernment in light of Scripture.

Gifts in the Biblical Lists

In 1 Corinthians 12:7–11, Paul presents nine manifestations of the Spirit for the common good. This diversity has one source and purpose: the same Spirit distributes, and the church is built up. To guide the reading, the gifts are organized here into three groups: knowing, acting and speaking.

Romans 12:6–8, Ephesians 4:11, 1 Peter 4:10–11, and 1 Corinthians 12:28 present further gifts, services, and roles that build up the Church. The lists overlap and help us recognize the diversity and complementarity of Christian service.

People given by Christ to build up the body

Efésios 4:11-16

"And He Himself gave some to be apostles, some prophets, some evangelists, and some pastors and teachers, for the equipping of the saints for the work of ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ, till we all come to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of God, to a perfect man, to the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ." (Ephesians 4:11–13)

Ephesians 4:11–16 presents apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors and teachers as Christ’s gifts to equip the saints and build up the body. These people and their services cooperate in growth in the unity of faith, knowledge of the Son of God and love. Pastors and teachers appear closely associated in the community’s care and teaching.

Equip the saints for service, grow in unity of faith and knowledge of Christ, and build up the body in love (Ephesians 4:12–16).

Authority: 1 Corinthians 14:37 requires recognition of apostolic instruction; a title does not remove that requirement.

Service: 1 Peter 5:1–4 rejects domination and dishonest gain and calls for being an example to the flock.

Cooperation: Ephesians 4:15–16 describes growth in love through the contribution of every part of the body.

Qualifications: 1 Timothy 3:1–13 and Titus 1:5–9 relate character, life and ability to teach in the responsibilities they describe.

Word of Wisdom

λόγος σοφίας

logos sophias

Word & Teaching

revelacao

Biblical references

1 Corinthians 12:7-11

1 Corinthians 2:1-16

Acts 6:8-10

Acts 15:1-29

Matthew 22:15-22

James 3:13-18

Paul writes λόγος σοφίας (logos sophias): logos means “word”, “message” or “communication”; sophias means “of wisdom”. The expression presents wisdom communicated for the benefit of others (1 Corinthians 12:7–8). One way to understand its service is to communicate God’s truth and show how to apply it to a particular situation. Knowing that salvation comes through grace is knowing a truth; discerning what that truth requires when welcoming Gentiles is applying it wisely. In 1 Corinthians 2:1–16, this wisdom centres on Christ crucified and is taught by the Spirit.

The Jerusalem council (Acts 15:1–29). Some taught that Gentiles had to be circumcised to be saved. Peter recalls that God had given them the Holy Spirit and affirms salvation through the grace of Jesus. James connects this testimony with Amos’s promise about the nations seeking the Lord and proposes a decision: welcome Gentiles who turn to God without imposing circumcision, and send instructions concerning idolatry, sexual immorality, strangled animals and blood. Wisdom moves from the recognized truth — God welcomes Gentiles through grace — to the decision the community must make.

Jesus and the tax to Caesar (Matthew 22:15–22). People ask Jesus whether paying the tax is lawful, trying to trap Him in His words. Jesus asks for the coin, has His listeners identify its image and inscription, and distinguishes what they owe Caesar from what they owe God. His answer applies faithfulness to God to a concrete question of responsibility toward civil authority. These two episodes illustrate communicated wisdom: clarifying the question in the light of God’s truth and showing how to act.

Contributes to the common good and the building up of the community, the purpose of manifestations of the Spirit (1 Corinthians 12:7).

James 1:5 encourages asking God for wisdom. In James 3:13–18, he describes wisdom recognized through gentleness, peace, mercy and good fruits. These qualities guide the way we communicate and serve.

Word of Knowledge

λόγος γνώσεως

logos gnoseos

Word & Teaching

revelacao

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 12:7-11

1 Coríntios 8:1-3

João 2:24-25

João 4:16-19

Atos 5:1-11

Paul calls it λόγος γνώσεως (logos gnoseos). Logos means word or message; gnoseos means of knowledge. This is knowledge communicated through the Spirit to help the church (1 Corinthians 12:7–8). We can understand the distinction this way: knowledge makes a truth known; wisdom helps us see how to act in the light of that truth. In this letter, knowing God and understanding the gospel belong to the Spirit’s work (1 Corinthians 2:10–13). Accounts in which God makes a hidden situation known also help us explore this subject.

Jesus and the Samaritan woman (John 4:16–26). Jesus asks the woman to call her husband. When she says she has no husband, Jesus shows that He knows her story: she had had five husbands, and the man she was with was not her husband. She recognizes Him as a prophet. The conversation moves toward worshipping the Father and Jesus revealing Himself as Messiah. Knowledge of her life opens the way for her to know who Jesus is.

Peter, Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5:1–11). The couple presents part of a property’s sale price as though it were the whole amount. Peter explains that they could have kept the property or the money; the sin lay in lying. His intervention uncovers the truth and shows the church the seriousness of lying to God. These accounts illustrate knowledge leading to truth and a response to God; John also presents Jesus’ unique knowledge of people (John 2:24–25).

Help believers know the truth and respond to God. Love directs the use of knowledge toward strengthening others (1 Corinthians 8:1–3).

In 1 Corinthians 8:1–3, love gives direction to knowledge. Those who know are called to care for their fellow believer’s conscience and welfare, placing what they know at the service of edification.

Discerning of Spirits

διακρίσεις πνευμάτων

diakriseis pneumaton

Sign & Manifestation

revelacao

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 12:10

1 João 4:1-6

Atos 16:16-18

Mateus 16:21-23

To discern is to distinguish and assess. In 1 Corinthians 12:10, the objects of this discernment are spirits: it matters where an apparently spiritual message comes from and where it leads. A message may impress people and even contain true statements; we must consider whether it leads to faithfulness to Jesus. In 1 John 4:1–6, this examination considers what is affirmed about Jesus Christ and whether the message receives the apostles’ testimony.

The young woman in Philippi (Acts 16:16–18). Luke tells us that an enslaved woman earned money for her owners through fortune-telling. She followed Paul and said these men were servants of the Most High God who announced the way of salvation. Her words seemed to support the mission. Yet Luke identifies a spirit of divination behind this activity. Paul addresses the spirit and commands it to leave in Jesus Christ’s name.

The episode shows why discernment matters: recognizing some true words is only part of the examination. The source of the manifestation and its relationship to Christ also matter. The woman’s deliverance reveals Jesus’ authority over the spirit that controlled her.

Help the community recognize the truth about Christ and remain faithful to Him. Everyone is called to test the spirits (1 John 4:1); Paul also names this particular service among the gifts (1 Corinthians 12:10).

Faithfulness to Christ guides discernment. In Matthew 16:21–23, Jesus redirects Peter toward the way of the cross; in 1 John 4:1–6, the community tests the spirits in light of the testimony about Christ.

Faith

πίστις

pistis

Sign & Manifestation

poder

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 12:9

1 Coríntios 13:2

Daniel 3:16-18

Hebreus 11:33-40

Atos 3:12-16

1 João 5:14

All Christians believe in Christ and are called to live by faith (Galatians 2:20). Why, then, does faith appear among gifts distributed to different people? In 1 Corinthians 12:9, Paul presents an expression of trust in God that benefits others. His reference to faith able to move mountains in 1 Corinthians 13:2 helps us understand its strength. This gift is understood as particularly firm trust, given by the Spirit, to depend on God in a situation and encourage the community to trust Him.

Peter at the temple gate (Acts 3:1–16). A man who had never walked asks for money. Peter announces healing in Jesus’ name and helps him stand. When the crowd is amazed, Peter explains where the healing came from: Jesus’ name and the faith that comes through Him. Jesus is the centre of this trust, and the healing becomes an opportunity to proclaim Him.

The three men facing the furnace (Daniel 3:16–18). They trust that God can rescue them, yet affirm that they will remain faithful even if they are not rescued. This example helps explain biblical faith: trusting God’s power and entrusting the outcome to Him. Hebrews 11:33–40 therefore includes both people who received deliverance and people who persevered through suffering.

Strengthen the community’s trust in God and encourage obedience even when the path requires courage.

Confidence in God goes together with surrender to His will. Luke 22:42 and 1 John 5:14 show this disposition in prayer: asking confidently and remaining in the Father’s hands.

Gifts of Healings

χαρίσματα ἰαμάτων

charismata iamaton (both words plural)

Sign & Manifestation

poder

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 12:9

Atos 3:12-16

Atos 28:8-9

Tiago 5:13-18

2 Timóteo 4:20

1 Timóteo 5:23

Both words in χαρίσματα ἰαμάτων (charismata iamaton) are plural: gifts of healings. Paul presents healings as gifts of grace distributed by the Spirit (1 Corinthians 12:9–11). Biblical accounts show different people receiving healing in different circumstances. God is the one acting; the person praying or laying on hands serves as an instrument. Healings relieve suffering, show mercy and lead people to recognize Jesus’ power.

The man who begins to walk (Acts 3:1–16). After Peter helps him stand, the man enters the temple walking and praising God. The people look at Peter and John in amazement. Peter explains that the healing came from Jesus. The benefit received by the man also leads others to hear the gospel.

Publius’s father (Acts 28:7–9). In Malta, Paul visits a man suffering from fever and dysentery, prays, lays hands on him and he is healed. Other sick people on the island come and receive healing. The account shows care for actual people: approaching the sick person, praying and recognizing God’s work. James 5:14–16 likewise places prayer for the sick within community life.

Care for those who suffer and point toward Jesus. The church prays for healing and lovingly accompanies those who remain ill (James 5:14–16; 1 Timothy 5:23).

James 5:13–18 calls for prayer for the sick and mutual care. The community accompanies both those who receive healing and those living through illness, as Paul cared for Timothy and Epaphroditus (1 Timothy 5:23; Philippians 2:25–30).

Working of Miracles

ἐνεργήματα δυνάμεων

energemata dynameon (workings of powers)

Sign & Manifestation

poder

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 12:10-11

Atos 12:1-17

Mateus 24:24

Deuteronómio 13:1-5

Paul uses ἐνεργήματα δυνάμεων (energemata dynameon), an expression we can explain as the working of mighty acts (1 Corinthians 12:10). God intervenes in a way that goes beyond human resources. Healings are acts of His power; biblical accounts also show provision, deliverance and authority over nature. The list distinguishes healings and workings of miracles, allowing us to recognize this variety.

Jesus feeds the crowd (John 6:5–13). Philip sees a need that the available resources cannot meet. Andrew mentions five loaves and two fish but asks what they amount to for so many people. Jesus gives thanks and distributes the food; everyone eats, and twelve baskets remain. This mighty act answers the crowd’s hunger and prepares the teaching about Jesus as the bread of life.

Peter leaves prison (Acts 12:5–11). The church prays while soldiers guard Peter. An angel wakes him, his chains fall off and he is led outside. Peter later recognizes that the Lord rescued him. This is an example of God’s miraculous intervention through an angel; it helps us see the variety of His mighty works.

Help people, make God’s power known and support the proclamation of Christ. In Acts 14:3, signs accompany testimony to the message of grace.

Recognition of God’s power goes together with faithfulness to His word. Deuteronomy 13:1–5 directs the people to remain with the Lord, and Matthew 24:24 calls for discernment in the presence of signs.

Prophecy

προφητεία

propheteia

Word & Teaching

inspiracao

profeta

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 14:3

1 Coríntios 14:29-38

Atos 15:32

Atos 21:10-14

Atos 21:27-33

Atos 28:17

Deuteronómio 13:1-5

Deuteronómio 18:20-22

To prophesy is to communicate a message received from God. It may include future events, but in 1 Corinthians 14:3 Paul emphasizes what this word does in the community: it builds up, exhorts and comforts. Building up means helping people grow in faith; exhorting means calling them to respond and persevere; comforting means giving encouragement to those who suffer. The message is understandable, so believers can learn from it. In the gathering, others weigh what is said (1 Corinthians 14:29–31).

Judas and Silas in Antioch (Acts 15:30–32). After the council’s decision, the church receives the letter and rejoices at its encouragement. Judas and Silas, identified as prophets, speak at length to encourage and strengthen the believers. Here prophecy helps a community that had faced a difficult dispute.

Agabus and the famine (Acts 11:27–30). Through the Spirit, Agabus announces a great famine. The disciples respond by preparing help, according to each person’s resources, for the believers in Judea. Announcing the future leads to loving action in the present. Both episodes show why prophecy serves the church: the word received produces encouragement and practical care.

Help the community grow in faith, respond to God and receive comfort (1 Corinthians 14:3).

The community listens and weighs, holding on to what is good (1 Thessalonians 5:19–22). Faithfulness to the Lord and recognition of His word guide this examination (Deuteronomy 13:1–5; 1 Corinthians 14:37).

Kinds of Tongues

γένη γλωσσῶν

gene glosson

Sign & Manifestation

inspiracao

Biblical references

Atos 2:4-11

Atos 10:44-48

Atos 19:1-7

1 Coríntios 12:12-30

1 Coríntios 14:1-28

Paul writes γένη γλωσσῶν (gene glosson), meaning varieties of tongues (1 Corinthians 12:10). In Acts 2:4–11, the Spirit enables the disciples to speak, and people from various regions recognize their own languages. In Corinth, Paul addresses a gathering where those present do not understand the speech without interpretation (1 Corinthians 14:2–5). A simple question guides his instructions: how can others benefit from something they do not understand?

At Pentecost (Acts 2:1–11), listeners are amazed because these Galileans proclaim God’s mighty works in their native languages. The sign draws the crowd’s attention; Peter then explains the promise of the Spirit and proclaims Jesus’ death and resurrection (Acts 2:14–36).

In Cornelius’s house (Acts 10:44–48), Jewish believers hear Gentiles speaking in tongues and praising God. They understand that God has also given them the Spirit. Peter uses this event to explain why he welcomed them (Acts 11:15–18).

In the Corinthian gathering, Paul directs two or at most three to speak, one at a time, with interpretation. Without an interpreter, the person remains silent before the assembly and speaks to himself and to God (1 Corinthians 14:27–28). The exercise of the gift thus attends to everyone’s understanding.

Express praise and prayer to God and, with interpretation, help the whole church participate and grow in faith (1 Corinthians 14:4–5,13–17).

Tongues find their place in the diversity of the body. In the gathering, Paul directs speakers to take turns, with interpretation, so that the church may be built up (1 Corinthians 12:29–30; 14:27–28).

Interpretation of Tongues

ἑρμηνεία γλωσσῶν

hermeneia glosson

Sign & Manifestation

inspiracao

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 12:10

1 Coríntios 14:5

1 Coríntios 14:13-17

1 Coríntios 14:27-29

To interpret tongues is to make understandable what was spoken in a language those present do not understand. In 1 Corinthians 12:10, Paul presents this ability as a gift of the Spirit. Its usefulness is immediate: what previously benefited only the speaker can now strengthen other believers (1 Corinthians 14:5). The person speaking in a tongue can ask God for the interpretation (1 Corinthians 14:13).

Paul explains the problem through thanksgiving (1 Corinthians 14:16–17). Someone may be thanking God well, but a listener who does not understand cannot know what they are saying amen to. Interpretation gives the listener access to the content, allowing them to join in that gratitude. A personal expression thus becomes a benefit to the community.

For this reason, interpretation forms part of the order of the gathering in 1 Corinthians 14:27–28. One person speaks at a time, and the content must be made understandable. If no one can interpret, the speaker remains silent before the assembly. This rule protects the gift’s purpose: that believers understand and are helped.

Enable everyone to understand, learn and participate in prayer or praise instead of merely hearing speech they do not understand.

Interpretation serves the community’s understanding and participation. This purpose accompanies the command to do everything for edification (1 Corinthians 14:26).

Teaching (Teachers / Instructors)

διδασκαλία

didaskalia

Word & Teaching

mestre

Biblical references

Romanos 12:7

Atos 18:24-28

Atos 20:17-32

Tiago 3:1

A ministerial gift to explain the Holy Scriptures systematically, with exegetical fidelity, pedagogical clarity, and pastoral warmth, training hearers to understand and obey sound doctrine.

Priscilla and Aquila hear Apollos and explain God’s way to him more accurately (Acts 18:24–28). Paul teaches publicly and from house to house, declaring God’s counsel (Acts 20:20,27). These are biblical accounts of teaching.

Safeguards the flock against deceitful winds of false doctrine (Eph 4:14) and builds deep theological roots.

James warns solemnly: "My brethren, let not many of you become teachers, knowing that we shall receive a stricter judgment" (James 3:1). Demands blameless personal integrity.

Exhortation / Encouragement (Comfort)

παράκλησις

paraklesis

Word & Teaching

Biblical references

Romanos 12:8

Atos 11:22-26

Atos 9:26-28

Romans 12:8 includes exhortation among gifts exercised according to grace. Acts 11:23 shows Barnabas encouraging the disciples to remain faithful to the Lord.

Barnabas encourages the disciples at Antioch to remain with the Lord with steadfast hearts (Acts 11:22–24). He then seeks Saul in Tarsus and both teach in Antioch (Acts 11:25–26). Introducing Saul to the apostles in Jerusalem is a separate episode in Acts 9:26–28.

Revives the weary, strengthens feeble knees, and prevents bruised members from abandoning their faith in seasons of adversity.

Hebrews 3:12–13 connects exhortation with persevering against the deceitfulness of sin. Galatians 6:1 calls for gentleness in restoring someone who has fallen. Encouragement does not dispense with truth or gentleness.

Evangelist (Proclaimer of Good News)

εὐαγγελιστής

euangelistes

Word & Teaching

evangelista

Biblical references

Efésios 4:11

Atos 8:5-12

Atos 8:26-40

Atos 21:8

2 Timóteo 4:5

A supernatural ability to communicate the Gospel of Christ’s Cross and Resurrection to non-believers with compelling clarity, urgency, and compassion, awakening saving faith and training believers in personal witness.

Philip proclaims Christ in Samaria and explains the passage from Isaiah to the Ethiopian, telling him about Jesus (Acts 8:5–12,26–40). Acts 21:8 expressly calls him an evangelist.

Bears new sons and daughters into the family of faith, advances the Kingdom frontier, and keeps the Church focused on saving the lost.

The evangelist must never act as a detached lone wolf; true conversion must lead the disciple to baptism and local church fellowship.

Service / Ministry (Diakonia)

διακονία

diakonia

Service & Diakonia

Biblical references

Romanos 12:7

Atos 6:1-7

1 Coríntios 16:15

1 Pedro 4:10-11

Romans 12:7 includes service among the gifts. In 1 Peter 4:10–11, those who serve should do so with the strength God supplies, so that God is glorified through Jesus Christ.

In Acts 6:1–7, the community responds to widows’ needs and chooses reputable men, full of the Spirit and wisdom, for service. 1 Corinthians 16:15 mentions the household of Stephanas devoted to serving the saints.

Guarantees the practical order, dignity, and efficiency of congregational life, manifesting Christ’s humble foot-washing love.

Philippians 2:14 calls for everything to be done without grumbling. In Acts 6:1–7, both care for widows and the ministry of the word receive attention; one service does not remove the value of the other.

Giving / Generosity (Imparting)

μετάδοσις

metadosis

Service & Diakonia

Biblical references

Romanos 12:8

2 Coríntios 8:1-5

2 Coríntios 9:6-13

Atos 4:36-37

Romans 12:8 directs those who give to do so generously and sincerely. In 2 Corinthians 8–9, giving is willing, according to available resources, meeting needs and producing thanksgiving to God.

The churches of Macedonia give generously amid poverty and ask to share in helping the saints (2 Corinthians 8:1–5). Barnabas brings the proceeds of a field he sold (Acts 4:36–37).

Funds gospel expansion, meets the urgent needs of the saints, and models trust in God rather than the deceitfulness of wealth.

In Matthew 6:1–4, Jesus warns against giving to be seen. In 2 Corinthians 9:7, Paul rejects reluctant or forced giving. Acts 8:18–24 shows that God’s gift cannot be bought.

Mercy with Cheerfulness

ἔλεος

eleos

Service & Diakonia

Biblical references

Romanos 12:8

Lucas 10:30-37

Romans 12:8 calls those who show mercy to do so cheerfully. The parable of the Samaritan in Luke 10:30–37 shows compassion accompanied by practical care for the wounded man.

In the parable of Luke 10:30–37, the Samaritan sees the wounded man, has compassion, treats his wounds and provides for continued care. Jesus concludes by calling the listener to practise the same mercy.

Makes tangible the gentle compassion of Jesus toward the broken-hearted whom society discards.

Romans 12:8 calls for mercy to be exercised with cheerfulness. James 2:15–16 warns against comforting words without practical help for those in need.

Hospitality

φιλοξενία

philoxenia (love of strangers)

Service & Diakonia

Biblical references

Romanos 12:13

1 Pedro 4:9-10

Atos 16:14-15

Atos 16:40

3 João 1:5-8

Hospitality welcomes fellow believers and makes room for fellowship and service. 1 Peter 4:9–11 brings together welcoming without grumbling and using the gift received; Romans 12:13 connects hospitality with sharing in the saints’ needs.

Lydia welcomes Paul and his companions into her home (Acts 16:14–15,40). In 3 John 5–8, hospitality to travelling believers is associated with cooperation in the truth.

Breaks urban isolation, welcomes newcomers into the body of Christ, and supports itinerant ministers.

1 Peter 4:9 calls for hospitality without grumbling; Hebrews 13:2 warns against neglecting it. In 3 John 5–10, welcoming the brothers contrasts with Diotrephes’ refusal.

Helps / Assistance

ἀντίλημψις

antilempsis

Service & Diakonia

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 12:28

Atos 9:36-39

Romanos 16:1-2

Paul includes helps among the services God establishes in the church (1 Corinthians 12:28). Care for the weak and readiness to help express the body’s interdependence and the love that sustains the community (Acts 20:35).

Acts 9:36–39 presents Tabitha through her good works and help for the poor. The widows show the clothes she made: her work met practical needs and left a legacy of care in the community.

Protects the most vulnerable members from falling into despair during life’s sudden hardships.

1 Corinthians 12:21–26 forbids despising members who seem weaker and calls for equal care for one another. Assistance should express that care without making the helper superior.

Leadership / Ruling (Presiding)

προϊστάμενος

proistamenos (one who stands before)

Leadership & Governance

Biblical references

Romanos 12:8

1 Tessalonicenses 5:12-13

1 Timóteo 5:17

A spiritual capability to articulate biblical vision, motivate, mobilize, and shepherd God’s people toward kingdom goals with diligent zeal and exemplary moral integrity.

1 Thessalonians 5:12–13 recognizes those who labour among believers, lead in the Lord and admonish. 1 Timothy 5:17 mentions elders who lead well. These expressly refer to responsibility for leading the community.

Prevents the church from drifting aimlessly, uniting congregational energy around the Great Commission of Christ.

Paul instructs: "he who leads, with diligence" (Rom 12:8). Beware of domineering authoritarianism ("not as being lords over those entrusted to you, but being examples to the flock", 1 Pet 5:3).

Administrations / Governments (Steering)

κυβέρνησις

kybernesis (ship steering / helmsmanship)

Leadership & Governance

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 12:28

Êxodo 18:17-26

Atos 6:1-7

1 Corinthians 12:28 includes administrations among the services God establishes in the church. Organization and coordination of responsibilities find their purpose in caring for the body and enabling its members to participate.

Exodus 18:17–26 records Jethro’s advice to Moses about sharing responsibilities. In Acts 6:1–7, the community organizes care for widows and recognizes people for that service. These accounts show organization serving the people’s needs.

Prevents waste of precious kingdom time and resources, keeping the ship of the church steady through turbulent waters.

Administration serves a body in which everyone needs one another. Equal care and edification guide decisions and the sharing of responsibilities (1 Corinthians 12:21–26; 14:26).

Shepherding (Pastoral Oversight)

ποιμήν

poimen (shepherd of sheep)

Leadership & Governance

pastor

Biblical references

Efésios 4:11-16

Atos 20:17-32

1 Pedro 5:1-4

A ministerial calling from Christ to feed, guard, guide, and care for the flock of God with watchful pastoral tenderness, seeking the wandering and bandaging the wounded.

Paul urges the elders of Ephesus to attend to themselves and the flock over which the Spirit has placed them (Acts 20:17,28–32). Peter commands willing shepherding without domination, as examples to the flock (1 Peter 5:1–4).

Nurtures continuous spiritual growth, stability in the Gospel, and safety against predators.

Peter warns: shepherd "not by compulsion but willingly... nor for dishonest gain but eagerly; nor as being lords over those entrusted to you". Beware of hireling mentality.

Apostleship / Pioneering Envoy

ἀπόστολος

apostolos (sent with a commission)

Leadership & Governance

apostolo

Biblical references

Efésios 4:11

Efésios 2:20

Romanos 1:1-5

Atos 13:1-4

Atos 14:14

Ephesians 4:11 and 1 Corinthians 12:28 include apostles among the people established by God for the church’s service. Acts 1:21–26 describes criteria for replacing Judas among the Twelve; Paul grounds his apostleship in Christ’s call. The term’s scope must be examined in each passage.

Paul identifies himself as an apostle called by Jesus Christ (Romans 1:1–5). Acts 13:1–4 recounts the sending of Barnabas and Saul; Acts 14:14 calls both apostles. Read these accounts alongside the apostolic foundation in Ephesians 2:20.

Witness to Christ, proclamation of the gospel and building up the church according to the calling described in the texts.

Apostolic testimony has a foundational place in the church (Ephesians 2:20). Paul calls the community to recognize the instruction received from the Lord and to remain faithful to the gospel proclaimed (1 Corinthians 14:37; Galatians 1:6–9).

Gifts for the common good

As you read

How do personal edification and the good of the church relate?

How do personal edification and the good of the church relate?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 12:4-11

Paul describes diverse gifts, services and workings, but the same Spirit, Lord and God. The manifestation is given to each for the common good; the Spirit distributes according to His will. In 1 Peter 4:10–11, receiving a gift leads to mutual service and the glory of God through Jesus Christ.

Begin with Paul’s words (1 Corinthians 12:4–7). Gifts are expressions of God’s grace. Services are the tasks through which we help others. Workings are the actions God brings about. Ways of serving vary, but their source is the same: the Spirit, the Lord and God. Receiving a gift therefore calls for service and gratitude.

What does building up mean? Helping believers grow in faith, understand the truth and live united in Christ. When Paul says a manifestation is given for the common good, he means others should benefit from what someone has received (1 Corinthians 12:7).

The picture of the body explains why gifts differ (1 Corinthians 12:14–27). The foot still belongs to the body although it differs from the hand. The eye also needs the hand. God distributes functions so that members care for one another. Honour given to one brings joy to the others; someone suffering receives everyone’s care. Different functions give members a reason to cooperate.

The body in 1 Corinthians 12:14–27 has different members who need one another, receive care and share suffering and joy. Service is guided by how what has been received contributes to the growth of the body in love.

For reflection

Receiving grace leads to sharing. In 1 Peter 4:10–11, each believer stewards what has been received, serves with the strength God supplies and directs glory to Jesus Christ.

Desire, ask and serve

As you read

May we ask for a particular gift?

May we ask for a particular gift?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 14:1-13

Paul commands the pursuit of love and the desire for gifts, highlighting prophecy for its contribution to building up the church. In 1 Corinthians 14:13 he gives a specific instruction: whoever speaks in a tongue should pray to interpret.

Two statements need to be read together. The Spirit distributes gifts as He chooses (1 Corinthians 12:11). Believers are called to desire them eagerly, with real interest and commitment, to help the church (1 Corinthians 14:1,12). God decides what He gives, and the believer asks and becomes available to serve.

Paul gives a very concrete example: the person speaking in a tongue should pray to interpret it (1 Corinthians 14:13). The request has a purpose: that others understand and are helped. This is how love directs the desire to receive a gift.

Solomon helps us understand this attitude (1 Kings 3:5–12). When God invites him to ask, he recognizes his need for help in governing and asks for a discerning heart. His request arises from responsibility for the people. James 4:2–3 likewise directs attention to the motive behind a request. The question to ask is: how could what I am requesting serve others?

The love described in 1 Corinthians 13:4–7 gives substance to zeal: it does not envy or boast or seek its own advantage. The desire to serve belongs with these dispositions, rather than competition among members.

For reflection

Seeking gifts begins with pursuing love. The prayer of 1 Corinthians 14:13 has a specific purpose: making what has been received understandable to the community.

Stirring up the gift: serving diligently

As you read

How is Timothy encouraged to develop the service entrusted to him?

How is Timothy encouraged to develop the service entrusted to him?

Read the passages

2 Timóteo 1:5-8

Paul recalls the gift that is in Timothy and urges him to rekindle it. He associates this charge with power, love and self-control, courage in witness and sharing in the sufferings of the gospel. In 1 Timothy 4:13–16, reading, exhortation, teaching, diligence and care for doctrine accompany the command not to neglect the gift.

Paul speaks of the gift already present in Timothy (2 Timothy 1:6). Rekindling evokes tending a fire: caring for what has been received so that it continues fulfilling its purpose. The next verse connects this encouragement with power, love and self-control. Paul then calls Timothy to testify courageously and endure suffering for the gospel (2 Timothy 1:7–8).

How does someone tend a gift? The first letter gives concrete tasks: devote yourself to the public reading of Scripture, exhortation and teaching; pay attention to your life and teaching; persevere in this service (1 Timothy 4:13–16). Receiving an ability and exercising it faithfully are related responsibilities.

Prophecy and the laying on of hands accompany Timothy’s reception of the gift (1 Timothy 4:14; 2 Timothy 1:6). God gives it; Timothy is called to put it to use. Being available takes this concrete form: serving, learning and persevering in what God has entrusted.

Stephen is presented as full of faith and the Spirit when chosen for service in the community; the narrative also follows his witness and the signs he performed (Acts 6:3–10). His life brings together availability, wisdom and courage. Timothy is likewise called to serve with everything God has entrusted to him.

For reflection

Faithfulness takes shape in reading, teaching, example and attention to one’s own life. Paul expects visible progress cultivated through perseverance (1 Timothy 4:12–16).

Gifts and hope in the fullness of Christ

As you read

How do gifts serve the church as it awaits the Lord?

How do gifts serve the church as it awaits the Lord?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 13:8-13

Paul says that love never ends and that prophecies, tongues and knowledge have a limit. He contrasts partial knowledge with completeness and seeing through a mirror with seeing face to face. In 1 Corinthians 1:4–9, gifts belong to a community awaiting the revelation of Jesus Christ.

The subject of 1 Corinthians 13:8–12 is the difference between what serves the church now and the fullness it still awaits. Paul says we know and prophesy in part. He explains through two images: growing from childhood to adulthood and the difference between seeing in a mirror and seeing face to face. Love remains beyond what is partial.

When Paul speaks of the arrival of what is perfect or complete, the context points toward that fullness. Reading it as the fullness of Christ’s presence makes sense of seeing face to face and knowing as one is known. The text does not identify that moment with the completion of a collection of writings.

In 1 Corinthians 1:4–9, Paul gives thanks for the gifts of a church awaiting Jesus Christ. This connection helps explain the hope in which gifts are exercised. Discussion about the duration of each gift also involves other texts, such as Ephesians 2:20 and Hebrews 2:3–4. Here the central conclusion is clear: gifts serve along the journey; love has lasting value.

Future hope gives direction to present life. Hebrews 2:3–4 recalls the confirmation of the message through signs and gifts of the Spirit; 1 Thessalonians 5:19–22 brings together zeal, examination and faithfulness to what is good. The church receives, discerns and serves with its eyes on the Lord.

For reflection

Love unites the present with future hope. As it awaits the Lord, the church is called to welcome what is good, examine what it receives and serve faithfully (1 Thessalonians 5:19–24).

Corinth: received grace and needed maturity

As you read

How can a church enriched in gifts still need correction?

How can a church enriched in gifts still need correction?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 1:4-13

Paul gives thanks for the grace received by the Corinthians and says that they lack no gift. In the same letter he rebukes divisions and calls them infants in Christ because of jealousy and strife (1 Corinthians 3:1–4). Abundant gifts do not remove the need to grow in love and obedience.

How could a church have many gifts and need so much correction? Paul begins by thanking God for the grace received in Corinth: they lacked no gift (1 Corinthians 1:4–7). He then describes jealousy and arguments revealing immaturity (1 Corinthians 3:1–4). Having an ability to serve and knowing how to use it lovingly need to grow together.

The problems were concrete: believers divided around leaders, tolerated sexual immorality, took disputes to court and humiliated those who had less at the Lord’s Supper (1 Corinthians 1:11–13; 5:1–2; 6:1–8; 11:20–22). Paul teaches this community how to use gifts.

The sequence of chapters helps explain his answer: in 1 Corinthians 12, members need one another; in 1 Corinthians 13, they must treat one another lovingly; in 1 Corinthians 14, they must participate so everyone understands and learns. Love means patience, kindness and freedom from envy and boasting. This way of treating believers gives the exercise of a gift its meaning.

Read 1 Corinthians 13 as part of the argument about gifts. Verses 4–7 describe patient, kind love without envy or boasting. Galatians 5:22–25 describes the Spirit’s fruit and calls believers to walk by Him; it does not distribute those virtues to only some members.

For reflection

Maturity is seen in the way believers treat one another. Patience, kindness, truth and perseverance give shape to the love Paul describes in 1 Corinthians 13:4–7.

Understanding, discernment and order

As you read

What concrete instructions does Paul give for the gathering?

What concrete instructions does Paul give for the gathering?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 14:26-40

Everything should contribute to edification. Two or at most three speak in tongues, in turn and with interpretation; without an interpreter there is silence. Two or three prophets speak and the others weigh what is said. If another receives a revelation, the first is silent. Paul concludes with peace, desire and order.

Why does Paul insist on understanding? He uses the example of a trumpet: if its signal is unclear, soldiers will not know to prepare for battle. Likewise, speech listeners do not understand cannot help them learn (1 Corinthians 14:7–9). Paul therefore prefers five instructive words to ten thousand the church cannot understand (1 Corinthians 14:19).

He then turns this principle into instructions. A person speaking in a tongue waits their turn and depends on interpretation to communicate with the assembly. Prophets also speak in turn; others weigh what is said; if another receives a revelation, the first gives way (1 Corinthians 14:27–32). The purpose is that everyone learns and is encouraged.

These directions show that participation through the Spirit involves self-control and care for listeners. A person can wait, listen and remain silent when that serves the gathering. Paul closes by holding two responsibilities together: eagerly desire prophecy and welcome tongues, doing everything decently and in order (1 Corinthians 14:39–40).

Read 1 Corinthians 14:13–19 as well: Paul prays and sings with spirit and understanding; in church he prefers a few intelligible words that instruct. 1 Thessalonians 5:19–22 combines openness to prophecy, examination and holding fast to good. The section on women and participation examines 1 Corinthians 14:34–35 alongside 1 Corinthians 11:5.

For reflection

Peace in the gathering serves everyone’s learning and encouragement. Each contribution finds its place in the shared purpose of building up the church (1 Corinthians 14:26,31–33).

Gift, fruit, ability and ministry: how do they relate?

As you read

What do we receive for service, and what character should grow in all of us?

What do we receive for service, and what character should grow in all of us?

Read the passages

1 Pedro 4:10-11

These words help us look at different aspects of Christian life. A gift concerns what God gives for service. Fruit describes the character the Spirit grows. An ability is something a person can do. Ministry is the service or responsibility they carry out. In someone’s life, these realities can work together.

The gift: what I receive for service. In 1 Peter 4:10–11, each person should use what they have received to help others. Peter mentions speaking and serving and attributes ability and strength to God. In 1 Corinthians 12:4–7, gifts are diverse and serve the common good.

The fruit: how I learn to live. Galatians 5:22–23 describes love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control. These qualities are expected in every believer’s life. Someone able to teach therefore also needs to grow in patience and love toward learners.

The ability: what I know how to do. Exodus 31:1–6 shows God filling Bezalel with the Spirit and giving skill for work on the tabernacle. The episode connects craftsmanship with God’s enabling. The word talent in the parable of Matthew 25:14–30 designates an amount entrusted to servants; the lesson concerns faithful stewardship of what they received.

The ministry: the service I perform. Ephesians 4:11–16 presents people given by Christ to equip believers for service. A pastor who teaches needs ability to explain and character to care. This is why 1 Timothy 3:2 includes both being above reproach and being able to teach.

In Acts 18:24–28, Apollos knows the Scriptures and teaches enthusiastically but needs to understand God’s way more accurately. Priscilla and Aquila help him. He receives that help and goes on to benefit other believers. The example combines ability, willingness to learn and service. Growth in one area helps a person serve better in the others.

For reflection

The questions complement one another: what have I received from God? How can I serve? And how do I treat people while serving? In 1 Corinthians 13:1–3, Paul shows that love is essential to the use of any ability.

The word of wisdom and the word of knowledge

As you read

How do wisdom and knowledge contribute to edification?

How do wisdom and knowledge contribute to edification?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 12:7-11

Paul writes λόγος σοφίας (logos sophias): logos means “word”, “message” or “communication”; sophias means “of wisdom”. The expression presents wisdom communicated for the benefit of others (1 Corinthians 12:7–8). One way to understand its service is to communicate God’s truth and show how to apply it to a particular situation. Knowing that salvation comes through grace is knowing a truth; discerning what that truth requires when welcoming Gentiles is applying it wisely. In 1 Corinthians 2:1–16, this wisdom centres on Christ crucified and is taught by the Spirit.

The Jerusalem council (Acts 15:1–29). Some taught that Gentiles had to be circumcised to be saved. Peter recalls that God had given them the Holy Spirit and affirms salvation through the grace of Jesus. James connects this testimony with Amos’s promise about the nations seeking the Lord and proposes a decision: welcome Gentiles who turn to God without imposing circumcision, and send instructions concerning idolatry, sexual immorality, strangled animals and blood. Wisdom moves from the recognized truth — God welcomes Gentiles through grace — to the decision the community must make.

Jesus and the tax to Caesar (Matthew 22:15–22). People ask Jesus whether paying the tax is lawful, trying to trap Him in His words. Jesus asks for the coin, has His listeners identify its image and inscription, and distinguishes what they owe Caesar from what they owe God. His answer applies faithfulness to God to a concrete question of responsibility toward civil authority. These two episodes illustrate communicated wisdom: clarifying the question in the light of God’s truth and showing how to act.

John 4:16–26 shows Jesus leading His conversation with the Samaritan woman toward knowing who He is and worshipping the Father. In Acts 5:1–11, Peter’s intervention brings Ananias and Sapphira’s lie to light and awakens reverence in the community. These episodes connect knowledge, truth and a response to God.

For reflection

Knowledge bears fruit when it serves in love. Wisdom from above is expressed in purity, peace, gentleness, mercy and sincerity (James 3:13–18).

Prophecy: edification, discernment and faithfulness

As you read

How does the community receive and weigh a prophetic message?

How does the community receive and weigh a prophetic message?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 14:29-38

Paul requires messages to be weighed and the authority of the apostolic command to be recognized. Evaluation already appears in the Old Testament: Deuteronomy 13:1–5 rejects a message that turns people from the Lord even when accompanied by a sign; Deuteronomy 18:20–22 concerns a word the Lord has not spoken.

Begin with what Paul says prophecy does: it helps people grow, calls them to respond to God and comforts them (1 Corinthians 14:3). Judas and Silas show this by encouraging and strengthening believers in Antioch (Acts 15:32). When a message includes the future, it can also lead to practical action: Agabus’s announcement of famine led disciples to prepare relief for Judea (Acts 11:27–30).

Why must the church weigh a message? It needs to recognize whether a message claiming to be God’s word corresponds to what He says. Such examination already appears in Deuteronomy 13:1–5 and Deuteronomy 18:20–22. The command to weigh a message does not by itself demonstrate that a true word from God contains error.

In Acts 21:10–11, Agabus announces that the Jews will bind Paul and hand him over to Gentiles. The narrative describes Jews seizing him and Roman soldiers arresting him (Acts 21:27–33). Some understand the announcement as a summary of Jewish responsibility for the arrest; others see imprecision in its details. Acts 28:17 belongs in the comparison: Paul says he was arrested in Jerusalem and handed over to the Romans. Reading these passages together helps us examine the question attentively.

Compare Jeremiah 23:16–22 and Jeremiah 28:7–9, Acts 11:27–30 and 1 Thessalonians 5:19–22. Distinguish what God says from a human claim to speak in His name. In 1 John 4:1–6, testing includes confessing Jesus Christ come in the flesh and receiving apostolic testimony.

For reflection

The community receives messages attentively and discerningly. Faithfulness to the Lord, confession of Jesus Christ and recognition of apostolic testimony guide that examination (Deuteronomy 13:1–5; 1 John 4:1–6; 1 Corinthians 14:37).

Faith, healing and perseverance through suffering

As you read

How is faith expressed in prayer and care for the sick?

How is faith expressed in prayer and care for the sick?

Read the passages

Tiago 5:13-18

James instructs the sick person to call the elders, who pray and anoint in the Lord’s name; he attributes raising the sick person to the Lord. The paragraph includes prayer, confession and forgiveness. John 9:1–3 rules out automatically attributing illness to personal sin; James says “if” sins have been committed.

James 5:14–16 begins with a sick person calling the elders. They come near, pray and anoint the person in the Lord’s name. Healing is attributed to the Lord. The passage also speaks of confession and forgiveness: the church cares for the person in their relationship with God and other believers.

How do we understand this prayer alongside believers who remain ill? Paul reports that Epaphroditus nearly died and recovered through God’s mercy (Philippians 2:25–30). He also leaves Trophimus sick in Miletus (2 Timothy 4:20) and gives Timothy advice concerning his frequent illnesses (1 Timothy 5:23). These accounts lead us to pray confidently and continue caring when illness remains.

Suffering does not measure someone’s faith. Hebrews 11:33–40 presents both those delivered and those who suffered as faithful. In 2 Corinthians 12:7–10, Paul asks for the thorn to be removed and receives the promise of sufficient grace. The passage does not identify exactly what the thorn was; it shows how Christ sustains His servant in weakness.

Hebrews 11:33–40 includes victories, deliverances, torture and suffering among witnesses to faith. Daniel 3:16–18 shows faithfulness without demanding deliverance. Acts 3:12–16 attributes healing to Jesus, not Peter’s power or piety. Luke 22:42 and 1 John 5:14 show submission to God’s will in prayer.

For reflection

Faith sustains both confident prayer and perseverance. Hebrews 11 brings together people who received deliverance and people who remained faithful through suffering; all are remembered for their witness of faith.

Tongues: comparing Acts and Corinth

As you read

What does each account say about speakers, hearers and understanding?

What does each account say about speakers, hearers and understanding?

Read the passages

Atos 2:1-13

In Acts 2, the Spirit grants speech and hearers recognize their native languages: they hear God’s mighty works. In Acts 10, those present hear tongues and praise to God among Gentiles. In Acts 19, the disciples speak in tongues and prophesy after Paul lays hands on them.

In Acts 2:4–11, the disciples speak and visitors recognize their native languages. What do they hear? God’s mighty works. Peter then addresses the crowd and explains the event through the promise of the Spirit, proclaiming Jesus (Acts 2:14–36). Speaking in tongues and Peter’s explanation belong to the same event, with functions the narrative lets us follow.

In Acts 10:44–48, Jewish believers recognize that Gentiles have also received the Spirit because they hear them speaking in tongues and praising God. Peter refers to this sign when explaining the acceptance of Gentiles (Acts 11:15–18). In Acts 19:1–7, disciples in Ephesus receive teaching about Jesus, are baptized, and speak in tongues and prophesy when Paul lays hands on them.

Why does Paul say nobody understands in Corinth? The problem concerns the understanding of people at that gathering (1 Corinthians 14:2). In Acts 2, listeners recognized the languages; in Corinth, interpretation is necessary. This difference explains the need for different instructions. The texts let us compare what listeners understand without deciding the nature of every tongue from that difference alone.

At Corinth, Paul regulates a gathering where the tongue is not understood without interpretation. He prays and sings with spirit and understanding; he prefers five instructive words to ten thousand in a tongue. In the gathering: two or three, in turn, with an interpreter; otherwise silence (1 Corinthians 14:13–19,27–28).

For reflection

Acts highlights God’s mighty works and the inclusion of the nations; 1 Corinthians 14 teaches participation that enables the community to understand and be built up. Praise, fellowship and understanding run through these passages.

One Spirit, one body and different gifts

As you read

How does the unity of the body embrace diverse gifts?

How does the unity of the body embrace diverse gifts?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 12:12-30

1 Corinthians 12:13 affirms the participation of all in one body in one Spirit. The same chapter presents different roles and asks whether all speak in tongues or interpret (1 Corinthians 12:29–30), expecting a negative answer. Diversity belongs to the argument about the body.

Paul uses two words that belong together: all and different. All were baptized into one body in one Spirit (1 Corinthians 12:13). Within that body, members have different functions. The questions in 1 Corinthians 12:29–30 expect a negative answer: not all are apostles, heal or speak in tongues. Belonging to the same body does not require performing the same function.

How can Paul wish everyone spoke in tongues (1 Corinthians 14:5)? A wish expresses a benefit he would like believers to receive; it does not state that everyone already has the gift. In 1 Corinthians 7:7, Paul likewise expresses a wish while recognizing each person’s gift.

In Acts 2, 10 and 19, tongues accompany reception of the Spirit. In Acts 8:14–19, Simon sees that the Spirit is given, but Luke does not identify the observed sign. These accounts describe what happened on each occasion; the letter explains common membership and diverse gifts. Requiring tongues as an obligatory sign for everyone needs to be examined in light of this whole picture, rather than one episode.

Compare the promise in Acts 1:4–8, the accounts in Acts 2, 8, 10–11 and 19, and renewed filling in Acts 4:31. Ephesians 5:18 calls believers to be filled with the Spirit. Relate these passages with attention to the context of each expression, without assuming an identical sequence in every account.

For reflection

Belonging to the body unites Jews and Greeks, slaves and free people (1 Corinthians 12:13). Each member shares in that unity and contributes what has been received to the care of all.

The excellence of love in 1 Corinthians 13

As you read

Why is love essential in the exercise of every gift?

Why is love essential in the exercise of every gift?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 13:1-7

Paul presents extreme conditions: tongues of humans and angels, all mysteries, all knowledge, mountain-moving faith and the giving of possessions and body. The repeated argument is that without love none of this benefits him.

The purpose of the phrase tongues of humans and angels appears in the next statement: without love, the speaker is compared to an instrument merely making noise (1 Corinthians 13:1). Paul continues with examples taken to their fullest extent: knowing all mysteries, possessing all knowledge, having mountain-moving faith and giving away all possessions.

This way of speaking is called hyperbole: using an extreme expression to make an idea very clear. Even the greatest imaginable ability loses its value when exercised without love. The repeated even if introduces the situations Paul uses to build his argument (1 Corinthians 13:1–3).

The text mentions tongues of angels but does not describe a Christian speaking a language identified as angelic or teach how to do so. When Gabriel speaks with Mary and an angel addresses the shepherds, the message is understood (Luke 1:26–38; 2:8–14). The chapter’s conclusion concerns how to love: patience, kindness, delight in truth and perseverance (1 Corinthians 13:4–7).

In 1 Corinthians 14:1, Paul resumes his teaching with the call to pursue love and seek gifts. The previous chapter thus prepares the way to participate in the gathering: each word should serve the edification of those who receive it.

For reflection

Eloquence finds its purpose when it serves others. The love Paul describes guides both the content of our words and the way we share them.

Romans 8: the Spirit intercedes in weakness

As you read

What hope does the Spirit’s intercession bring?

What hope does the Spirit’s intercession bring?

Read the passages

Romanos 8:18-27

Romans 8:18–27 relates present suffering, hope and redemption. Creation groans, believers groan awaiting the redemption of the body, and the Spirit helps in weakness. The Spirit intercedes for the saints according to God’s will.

To understand the groans, follow the sequence. First, creation groans as it awaits liberation (Romans 8:22). Then believers groan while awaiting the redemption of their bodies: complete liberation from the condition marked by suffering and death (Romans 8:23). In this setting, Paul says the Spirit helps us when we do not know how to pray as we should (Romans 8:26).

The Spirit is the one interceding. The word inexpressible describes groans that are not put into words. The following verse explains why this intercession is effective: God knows the Spirit’s mind, and the Spirit intercedes according to God’s will (Romans 8:27).

The passage does not mention the gift of tongues; its promise addresses the saints in their weakness. The idea is deeply comforting: difficulty formulating a prayer does not leave a believer without help. The Spirit knows the need and intercedes according to God’s will. This is the support Paul presents on the journey between present suffering and future glory.

Romans 8:18–30 accompanies believers from present suffering to the hope of glory. Waiting for redemption is sustained by the Spirit’s help and God’s purpose. Prayer shares in this hope even when words are difficult to find.

For reflection

Weakness is a place of help. Even when believers struggle to know what to ask, the Spirit intercedes for them according to God’s will.

Mysteries and interpretation of tongues

As you read

What does interpretation make accessible to the church?

What does interpretation make accessible to the church?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 14:1-19

In 1 Corinthians 14:2, the speaker in a tongue speaks to God and is not understood by those present. Paul calls the content mysteries. In 1 Corinthians 14:5,13, interpretation enables the church to be built up and should be sought in prayer by the speaker.

In Paul’s language, mystery often refers to God’s purpose that was hidden and has been made known. In Ephesians 3:3–6, for example, he explains the mystery: Gentiles share the same inheritance and body in Christ. The reader receives an explanation of what had been hidden.

In 1 Corinthians 14:2, the person speaking in a tongue speaks to God, but those present do not understand. In that setting, Paul says the person speaks mysteries. The content has meaning but remains inaccessible to the assembly without interpretation. In 1 Corinthians 14:5,13, the solution is therefore to interpret so that believers are helped.

Paul gives the example of thanksgiving: how can someone else say amen without knowing what was said (1 Corinthians 14:16–17)? Interpretation enables understanding and participation. The passage teaches readers to seek that understanding; it does not present a secret code intended to prevent the devil or others from knowing the content.

Interpretation enables the community to understand and say amen to thanksgiving (1 Corinthians 14:16–17). The speaker can pray to interpret and takes a turn with attention to others. Nehemiah 8:8 likewise presents understanding as essential to hearing the Word: the people hear the reading and receive explanation.

For reflection

The speaker is called to seek the good of the listener. Prayer for interpretation unites dependence on God with care for the community (1 Corinthians 14:12–17).

Tongues as a sign: Isaiah and Corinth

As you read

How do the sign and the response of unbelievers relate?

How do the sign and the response of unbelievers relate?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 14:20-25

Paul cites speech through other tongues and refusal to listen, presents tongues as a sign for unbelievers and asks whether visitors will regard a gathering where everyone speaks in tongues as mad. In contrast, he describes prophecy exposing the heart and leading to recognition of God’s presence.

The difficulty lies in two nearby verses. Paul says tongues are a sign for unbelievers (1 Corinthians 14:22). Immediately afterwards, he says a visitor may think a gathering mad when everyone speaks in tongues (1 Corinthians 14:23). How can both statements make sense?

The quotation from Isaiah helps us see that a sign can also announce judgment. In Isaiah 28:9–13, the people refuse to listen, and foreign speech appears in this setting of resistance to God’s word. Paul recalls the passage in 1 Corinthians 14:21. A sign therefore does not automatically mean a message the visitor understands and welcomes.

In the following contrast, understandable prophecy confronts the visitor with what is in their heart and leads them to recognize God’s presence (1 Corinthians 14:24–25). This explains Paul’s concern: the gathering should make understanding possible. Interpreting tongues and speaking in order serve that purpose (1 Corinthians 14:27–28).

Relate the passage to 1 Corinthians 14:6–19,26–28: intelligible instruction and interpretation serve edification. Paul does not eliminate tongues; he regulates participation in the gathering (1 Corinthians 14:39–40).

For reflection

Paul’s concern includes those who enter the gathering. Understandable participation enables people to hear, examine their hearts and recognize God’s presence among His people.

Women, prophecy and order in the gathering

As you read

How should 1 Corinthians 14:34–35 be read alongside 1 Corinthians 11:5?

How should 1 Corinthians 14:34–35 be read alongside 1 Corinthians 11:5?

Read the passages

1 Coríntios 14:26-40

1 Corinthians 14:34–35 instructs women to be silent in the churches and to ask their husbands at home if they want to learn. In 1 Corinthians 11:5, Paul mentions women praying and prophesying and addresses the manner of that participation. Acts 2:17–18 mentions daughters and female servants prophesying; Acts 21:9 presents Philip’s four daughters who prophesied.

The question arises from two passages in the same letter. In 1 Corinthians 11:5, Paul speaks of women praying and prophesying and directs the manner of their participation. In 1 Corinthians 14:34–35, he calls for silence and says that if they want to learn something, they should ask their husbands at home. We need to understand the situation of speech being addressed.

One reading connects the silence with questions interrupting the gathering, because of the reference to learning and asking at home. Another connects it with the weighing of prophecies mentioned in context. A third distinguishes the occasion of prayer and prophecy in chapter 11 from the assembly addressed in chapter 14. Each reading seeks to explain how the instructions relate.

A shared feature of the context is that Paul also requests silence from someone speaking in a tongue without an interpreter and from a prophet who should give way to another (1 Corinthians 14:28–30). Study should therefore ask who speaks, in what situation and for what purpose. Acts 21:9 adds the testimony of Philip’s four daughters who prophesied.

In 1 Corinthians 14:26–40, speaking, listening and waiting one’s turn belong to the community’s participation. The tongue speaker awaits interpretation; a prophet gives way to another who receives a revelation. Attention to these situations helps us study verses 34–35 within Paul’s instructions as a whole.

For reflection

The whole chapter directs participation toward learning, encouragement and peace. Reading 1 Corinthians 11 and 14 together keeps these purposes in view when considering the participation of men and women.

Serving with the gifts in the other lists

As you read

How does less visible service build up the body?

How does less visible service build up the body?

Read the passages

Romanos 12:3-8

Romans 12:3–8 presents one body with different functions and calls for diligence in service, teaching, exhortation, giving, leadership and mercy. 1 Peter 4:7–11 relates love, hospitality, speech and service to stewardship of God’s grace. These lists are not inferior to 1 Corinthians 12:8–10.

The list in 1 Corinthians 12:8–10 contains nine manifestations, but the New Testament also speaks of service, teaching, encouragement, giving, leadership and mercy (Romans 12:6–8). These tasks help us understand the breadth of God’s care for the church.

The accounts give concrete examples. Tabitha made clothes and helped people in need; widows show Peter what she had made (Acts 9:36–39). Barnabas arrives in Antioch, rejoices at God’s grace and encourages believers to remain faithful to the Lord (Acts 11:22–24). Priscilla and Aquila hear Apollos and explain God’s way more accurately, preparing him to help others (Acts 18:24–28).

In Ephesians 4:11–16, Christ gives people to the church to equip the saints for service. Equipping means helping believers learn and take their part. The expected result is the whole body growing in love. The service of those who teach, care and give thus shares the same purpose.

Ephesians 4:11–16 connects people given by Christ with equipping the saints and the growth of the whole body in love. The qualifications in 1 Timothy 3:1–13 and Titus 1:5–9 show that ability does not remove the need for character. Gift and ministry relate; they are not compartments without overlap.

For reflection

Each member contributes to the body’s growth in love. Teaching, sharing, welcoming and caring are concrete ways of stewarding the grace received (Romans 12:6–13; 1 Peter 4:10–11).

Spiritual gift

χάρισμα / πνευματικά

A gift of grace, distributed by the Spirit according to His will (1 Corinthians 12:11).

Each serves with what they have received; not everyone has the same function (1 Corinthians 12:29–30; 1 Peter 4:10).

Purpose

The common good and the building up of the church; 1 Corinthians 14:4 also mentions personal edification.

Zeal, prayer and diligent service accompany the exercise of the gift (1 Timothy 4:13–16).

Gifts serve the church as it awaits fullness; love endures (1 Corinthians 13:8–12).

Biblical references

1 Coríntios 12:4-11

1 Coríntios 14:4-5

1 Pedro 4:10-11

1 Timóteo 4:13-16

Fruit of the Spirit

καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος

The fruit of a life led by the Spirit (Galatians 5:16–25).

The community is called to walk by the Spirit; these virtues are not distributed as exclusive functions of particular members.

Purpose

Love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control.

Abiding in Christ and walking by the Spirit (John 15:1–8; Galatians 5:25).

Love endures and guides Christian life in hope of fullness (1 Corinthians 13:8–13).

Biblical references

Gálatas 5:16-25

João 15:1-8

1 Coríntios 13:4-13

Ability and talent

“Talent” in Matthew 25: an entrusted sum

James 1:17 attributes every good gift to God. Exodus 31:1–6 presents Bezalel filled with the Spirit and equipped for the sanctuary’s work.

Exodus 35:30–35 presents workers equipped to carry out the work and teach others.

Purpose

Abilities serving the entrusted task; in Exodus, building the sanctuary according to the command received.

Ability, work and teaching cooperate in the task received. In Matthew 25, the talents entrusted to servants are sums of money whose stewardship illustrates faithfulness.

Faithfulness with what has been entrusted guides the waiting for the Lord (Matthew 25:14–30).

Biblical references

Êxodo 31:1-6

Êxodo 35:30-35

Mateus 25:14-30

Tiago 1:17

Ministry and service

διακονία — service

Christ gives people to equip the saints and build up the body (Ephesians 4:11–16). Diverse services belong to the same Lord (1 Corinthians 12:5).

The whole body shares in service; responsibilities of oversight require the qualifications in 1 Timothy 3 and Titus 1.

Purpose

Equip the saints, build up the body and grow in unity, truth and love.

Faithfulness, teaching and character mature in service. Gifts and responsibilities cooperate in the body’s life (Romans 12:6–8).

Service contributes to the body’s growth toward maturity in Christ (Ephesians 4:13–16).

Biblical references

Efésios 4:11-16

1 Coríntios 12:4-6

Romanos 12:6-8

1 Timóteo 3:1-13

Tito 1:5-9